Race progress: 2013 Death Valley Trail

  • Race started: Saturday, December 7, 2013 8:40 AM (GMT-8)
  • Race location: Inyo County, CA, United States
Total laps: 2 | Race finished
Place Bib Name Age Category After   Finish time
1 126 Mark HammondCottonwood Heights UT  28 M2529
1:29:39.3 (2)
3:16:19.5 --100%33.67%34.61%
2 157 Matthew KadowakiIrvine CA  36 M3539
1:36:23.0 (3)
3:17:40.5 +1:21.0+0.69%99.32%33.22%34.16%
3 204 Marcel MckinleyLondon UK  31 M3034
1:44:06.9 (11)
3:30:54.4 +14:34.9+7.43%93.09%28.75%29.76%
4 15 Mark BarnettCardiff CA  54 M5054
1:41:34.4 (4)
3:40:25.9 +24:06.4+12.28%89.06%25.53%26.58%
5 212 Sherwick MinTruckee CA  47 M4549
1:42:00.6 (6)
3:41:49.0 +25:29.5+12.98%88.51%25.06%26.12%
6 23 MICHAEL BERGQUISTSalt Lake City UT  41 M4044
1:44:06.9 (11)
3:42:39.5 +26:20.0+13.41%88.17%24.78%25.84%
7 104 CHERI FINEAtlanta GA  49 F4549
1:48:21.7 (18)
3:43:29.5 +27:10.0+13.84%87.84%24.49%25.56%
8 141 Bill HolmesSanta Cruz CA  44 M4044
1:46:18.4 (13)
3:44:34.8 +28:15.3+14.39%87.42%24.13%25.20%
9 148 Dan IsleibCroton on Hudson NY  44 M4044
1:42:00.6 (6)
3:48:45.9 +32:26.4+16.52%85.82%22.71%23.81%
10 238 Delaney NyeSeattle WA  34 M3034
1:46:44.1 (14)
3:48:50.5 +32:31.0+16.56%85.79%22.69%23.78%
11 161 Matthew KearnsNorth Babylon NY  37 M3539
1:46:57.2 (15)
3:50:46.1 +34:26.6+17.54%85.07%22.04%23.14%
12 264 Luis PintoRio de Janeiro Brazil  43 M4044
1:43:36.4 (10)
3:53:03.2 +36:43.7+18.71%84.24%21.26%22.38%
13 273 Mike RicheyBakersfield CA  40 M4044
1:48:14.7 (17)
3:56:12.6 +39:53.1+20.32%83.11%20.20%21.33%
14 6 Joe AllenLeeds UT  29 M2529
1:41:55.5 (5)
3:56:32.0 +40:12.5+20.48%83.00%20.09%21.22%
15 19 Dany BellemareSaint-Basile-Le-Grand QC Canada  35 M3539
1:46:57.2 (15)
3:57:57.3 +41:37.8+21.20%82.51%19.61%20.75%
16 131 Marc HeiseLa Jolla CA  38 M3539
1:42:02.4 (8)
3:58:59.3 +42:39.8+21.73%82.15%19.26%20.40%
17 210 Neal MillerElkridge MD  44 M4044
1:42:34.1 (9)
4:03:58.9 +47:39.4+24.27%80.47%17.57%18.74%
18 305 David SwingleDurham NC  48 M4549
1:55:02.1 (29)
4:05:45.7 +49:26.2+25.18%79.88%16.97%18.15%
19 140 Craig HolmePaso Robles CA  30 M3034
1:50:46.2 (22)
4:07:48.1 +51:28.6+26.22%79.23%16.28%17.47%
20 134 Alastair HeptonstallPasadena CA  34 M3034
1:49:49.6 (20)
4:09:07.2 +52:47.7+26.89%78.81%15.84%17.03%
21 272 Alan ReynoldsSan Francisco CA  47 M4549
1:55:58.1 (34)
4:10:03.8 +53:44.3+27.37%78.51%15.52%16.71%
22 234 Mary SmithRiverside CA  31 F3034
1:54:27.7 (27)
4:10:17.5 +53:58.0+27.49%78.44%15.44%16.64%
23 193 James MaxwellSan Diego CA  59 M5559
1:55:55.5 (33)
4:10:29.0 +54:09.5+27.59%78.38%15.38%16.57%
24 163 English KnowlesHealdsburg CA  44 F4044
2:00:11.6 (36)
4:11:41.7 +55:22.2+28.20%78.00%14.97%16.17%
25 242 Patrick OconnorSunnyvale CA  52 M5054
1:49:03.7 (19)
4:13:28.5 +57:09.0+29.11%77.45%14.36%15.58%
26 346 Sam WintermuteSan Francisco CA  32 M3034
1:52:52.0 (25)
4:15:27.4 +59:07.9+30.12%76.85%13.70%14.92%
27 162 Ryan KershawCalgary AB Canada  33 M3034
2:02:31.0 (40)
4:17:08.9 +1:00:49.4+30.98%76.35%13.12%14.35%
28 297 Scott SmithBishop CA  47 M4549
4:17:11.7 (128)
4:17:12.7 +1:00:53.2+31.01%76.33%13.10%14.33%
29 283 Glenn SchiavoCupertino CA  43 M4044
1:51:46.1 (23)
4:18:17.8 +1:01:58.3+31.57%76.01%12.74%13.97%
30 173 Ryan LaunderLanders CA  37 M3539
1:55:39.6 (32)
4:18:21.5 +1:02:02.0+31.60%75.99%12.72%13.95%
31 342 Russell WillnerLos Gatos CA  53 M5054
1:55:22.7 (30)
4:19:11.3 +1:02:51.8+32.02%75.75%12.43%13.67%
32 347 Chris WolfHowell NJ  40 M4044
2:01:52.7 (39)
4:19:21.6 +1:03:02.1+32.11%75.70%12.38%13.62%
33 174 Kelli-An LawranceBurlington ON Canada  51 F5054
2:08:55.9 (54)
4:20:04.3 +1:03:44.8+32.47%75.49%12.14%13.38%
34 318 Mike TurnerJersey City NJ  45 M4549
1:59:12.9 (35)
4:21:34.3 +1:05:14.8+33.23%75.06%11.63%12.88%
35 105 MARK FINEAtlanta GA  48 M4549
2:04:29.1 (42)
4:22:14.1 +1:05:54.6+33.57%74.87%11.41%12.66%
36 86 Daniel DesmondOakland CA  36 M3539
1:52:57.4 (26)
4:23:36.8 +1:07:17.3+34.27%74.47%10.94%12.20%
37 33 Steve BordenaveTurlock CA  49 M4549
1:55:36.6 (31)
4:24:30.3 +1:08:10.8+34.73%74.22%10.64%11.90%
38 211 Jami MinTruckee CA  44 F4044
1:52:16.5 (24)
4:26:10.6 +1:09:51.1+35.58%73.76%10.07%11.35%
39 250 Steve OresteRedondo Beach CA  44 M4044
1:54:49.5 (28)
4:26:16.6 +1:09:57.1+35.63%73.73%10.04%11.31%
40 108 Gabriel FloresLondon UK  36 M3539
2:04:26.2 (41)
4:30:53.6 +1:14:34.1+37.98%72.47%8.48%9.78%
41 89 Douglas DevotoBoulder CO  27 M2529
1:50:37.1 (21)
4:33:44.3 +1:17:24.8+39.43%71.72%7.52%8.83%
42 20 Oliver BellevueSan Francisco CA  32 M3034
2:09:58.5 (56)
4:34:25.8 +1:18:06.3+39.78%71.54%7.29%8.60%
42 59 Giuseppe CiaravinoSan Francisco CA  47 M4549
2:09:58.5 (56)
4:34:25.8 +1:18:06.3+39.78%71.54%7.29%8.60%
44 66 Daniel CollinsShoreview MN  50 M5054
2:01:30.7 (37)
4:37:39.3 +1:21:19.8+41.43%70.71%6.20%7.52%
45 72 Michelle CrouchDowners Grove IL  47 F4549
-
4:38:24.8 +1:22:05.3+41.81%70.52%5.94%7.27%
46 78 Heather D'annaBuena Park CA  29 F2529
2:04:47.0 (43)
4:41:24.7 +1:25:05.2+43.34%69.76%4.93%6.27%
47 144 Johnny HsinChino Hills CA  55 M5559
2:29:56.3 (99)
4:41:40.8 +1:25:21.3+43.48%69.70%4.84%6.18%
48 79 Beau DavisCumming GA  31 M3034
2:07:45.1 (51)
4:41:50.0 +1:25:30.5+43.55%69.66%4.78%6.13%
49 61 Mike ClarkenSan Diego CA  43 M4044
2:04:47.0 (43)
4:42:47.2 +1:26:27.7+44.04%69.43%4.46%5.81%
50 352 Julia PustizziSan Luis Obispo CA  27 F2529
2:25:04.4 (88)
4:43:02.8 +1:26:43.3+44.17%69.36%4.37%5.73%
51 63 Shaun ClearySt Helens UK  29 M2529
2:05:46.8 (48)
4:44:05.9 +1:27:46.4+44.71%69.10%4.02%5.38%
52 9 Ryan AtsmaRehoboth NM  32 M3034
2:01:30.7 (37)
4:44:14.9 +1:27:55.4+44.78%69.07%3.97%5.33%
53 87 Matthew DeuschleLake Balboa CA  42 M4044
2:13:42.1 (62)
4:44:42.7 +1:28:23.2+45.02%68.96%3.81%5.17%
54 121 Stephanie GoodmanEagle ID  35 F3539
2:05:03.7 (46)
4:45:08.3 +1:28:48.8+45.24%68.85%3.67%5.03%
55 29 Joshua BirdLos Angeles CA  28 M2529
2:05:46.4 (47)
4:46:04.9 +1:29:45.4+45.72%68.63%3.35%4.72%
55 291 Hazel Sheeky BirdLos Angeles CA  40 F4044
0:01.0 (1)
4:46:04.9 +1:29:45.4+45.72%68.63%3.35%4.72%
57 113 Yoshiro FujimoriLa Crescenta CA  45 M4549
2:14:36.4 (68)
4:46:29.3 +1:30:09.8+45.93%68.53%3.21%4.58%
58 244 Ed OdiagaBoise ID  41 M4044
2:11:40.2 (59)
4:47:39.5 +1:31:20.0+46.52%68.25%2.82%4.19%
59 271 Michael RemakNovato CA  37 M3539
2:07:52.4 (52)
4:47:48.6 +1:31:29.1+46.60%68.21%2.77%4.14%
60 8 Aravind AsokLos Angeles CA  35 M3539
2:15:00.3 (70)
4:48:20.8 +1:32:01.3+46.87%68.09%2.58%3.96%
60 44 Aaron BurgessLondon UK  34 M3034
2:19:32.4 (79)
4:48:20.8 +1:32:01.3+46.87%68.09%2.58%3.96%
62 81 Lauren DeeleyWaitsfield VT  29 F2529
2:04:59.8 (45)
4:48:24.2 +1:32:04.7+46.90%68.07%2.56%3.94%
63 261 Slim PickensHughson CA  52 M5054
2:13:09.4 (60)
4:48:42.8 +1:32:23.3+47.06%68.00%2.46%3.84%
64 239 James ObrienWestern Springs IL  53 M5054
-
4:49:28.2 +1:33:08.7+47.44%67.82%2.20%3.59%
65 339 Patrick WelshCampbell CA  33 M3034
2:14:44.2 (69)
4:51:22.3 +1:35:02.8+48.41%67.38%1.56%2.96%
66 337 Todd WatsonBerkeley CA  44 M4044
2:14:35.0 (67)
4:53:53.1 +1:37:33.6+49.69%66.80%0.71%2.12%
67 35 Marie BournoutianMonrovia CA  36 F3539
2:15:59.7 (71)
4:56:27.9 +1:40:08.4+51.01%66.22%-0.16%1.26%
68 322 Teresa Van HornGlenbeulah WI  51 F5054
2:16:33.8 (72)
4:57:56.9 +1:41:37.4+51.76%65.89%-0.66%0.76%
69 41 Willy BruijnsLos Osos CA  60 F6064
2:27:05.1 (94)
4:59:29.4 +1:43:09.9+52.55%65.55%-1.18%0.25%
70 133 Lisa HensonHealdsburg CA  52 F5054
2:18:31.0 (76)
5:00:14.7 +1:43:55.2+52.93%65.39%-1.44%0.00%
71 343 Diane WilsonHealdsburg CA  53 F5054
2:18:30.1 (75)
5:00:19.4 +1:43:59.9+52.97%65.37%-1.46%-0.03%
72 2 Max AbramsStudio City CA  30 M3034
2:09:11.3 (55)
5:02:12.6 +1:45:53.1+53.93%64.96%-2.10%-0.65%
73 232 Jeffrey NewgardVentura CA  24 M2024
2:08:01.7 (53)
5:04:10.5 +1:47:51.0+54.93%64.54%-2.76%-1.31%
74 118 Joshua GarzaBakersfield CA  47 M4549
2:34:01.0 (107)
5:04:12.7 +1:47:53.2+54.95%64.54%-2.78%-1.32%
75 156 Jennie JorgensonBoulder CO  26 F2529
2:20:43.2 (80)
5:05:18.5 +1:48:59.0+55.51%64.30%-3.15%-1.69%
76 109 Joyce ForierHenderson NV  39 F3539
2:27:13.0 (95)
5:06:06.2 +1:49:46.7+55.92%64.14%-3.42%-1.95%
77 50 Tilghman CarrollNashville TN  32 F3034
2:23:44.5 (85)
5:07:04.1 +1:50:44.6+56.41%63.94%-3.74%-2.27%
78 71 Scott CronkSanta Rosa CA  49 M4549
2:13:40.5 (61)
5:07:34.9 +1:51:15.4+56.67%63.83%-3.91%-2.44%
79 124 David GutzmanDraper UT  56 M5559
2:23:13.9 (84)
5:07:45.4 +1:51:25.9+56.76%63.79%-3.97%-2.50%
80 93 Rebekah DotsonMontara CA  33 F3034
2:13:57.8 (63)
5:08:32.0 +1:52:12.5+57.15%63.63%-4.24%-2.76%
81 332 Bonnie WaltonSan Francisco CA  33 F3034
2:21:42.5 (83)
5:08:38.0 +1:52:18.5+57.21%63.61%-4.27%-2.79%
82 52 Andrew CaturegliSan Ramon CA  35 M3539
2:14:32.4 (65)
5:09:02.4 +1:52:42.9+57.41%63.53%-4.41%-2.93%
82 213 Mike MolakidesSan Rafael CA  44 M4044
2:14:32.4 (65)
5:09:02.4 +1:52:42.9+57.41%63.53%-4.41%-2.93%
84 171 Paul LarmourColorado Springs CO  40 M4044
2:06:51.8 (49)
5:10:06.2 +1:53:46.7+57.95%63.31%-4.77%-3.28%
85 235 Gary NiebergallVentura CA  50 M5054
2:29:36.7 (98)
5:10:56.6 +1:54:37.1+58.38%63.14%-5.05%-3.56%
86 167 Ruediger KutzForchheim Germany  52 M5054
2:16:41.5 (73)
5:12:17.5 +1:55:58.0+59.07%62.87%-5.51%-4.01%
87 279 Fabio RozoMinneapolis MN  49 M4549
2:18:12.5 (74)
5:12:54.6 +1:56:35.1+59.38%62.74%-5.71%-4.22%
88 233 Sandy NgSan Francisco CA  36 F3539
2:14:18.4 (64)
5:13:47.0 +1:57:27.5+59.83%62.57%-6.01%-4.51%
89 263 Jon PilonPoulsbo WA  32 M3034
2:10:13.6 (58)
5:13:47.7 +1:57:28.2+59.83%62.56%-6.01%-4.51%
90 345 Daniel WinklerLos Angeles CA  27 M2529
2:21:22.8 (81)
5:15:38.8 +1:59:19.3+60.78%62.20%-6.64%-5.13%
91 149 Kathy JacksonSparta NJ  51 F5054
2:30:54.1 (101)
5:15:59.3 +1:59:39.8+60.95%62.13%-6.75%-5.24%
92 188 Mike LynchSparta NJ  50 M5054
2:30:54.1 (101)
5:16:00.8 +1:59:41.3+60.96%62.13%-6.76%-5.25%
93 249 Phil OresteMill Valley CA  46 M4549
5:17:23.3 (130)
5:17:23.3 +2:01:03.8+61.66%61.86%-7.23%-5.71%
94 260 Becky PickensHughson CA  60 F6064
2:32:48.8 (105)
5:17:52.8 +2:01:33.3+61.92%61.76%-7.39%-5.87%
95 168 Alfredo LafargaClaremont CA  52 M5054
2:26:54.3 (93)
5:18:15.8 +2:01:56.3+62.11%61.69%-7.52%-6.00%
96 88 Shannon DevaneyLos Angeles CA  34 F3034
2:32:25.6 (104)
5:22:14.8 +2:05:55.3+64.14%60.92%-8.87%-7.33%
96 197 Carla McgirrOceanside CA  31 F3034
2:19:28.7 (77)
5:22:14.8 +2:05:55.3+64.14%60.92%-8.87%-7.33%
96 198 Matthew McgirrOceanside CA  32 M3034
2:19:28.7 (77)
5:22:14.8 +2:05:55.3+64.14%60.92%-8.87%-7.33%
99 182 David LiSan Francisco CA  29 M2529
5:22:19.7 (131)
5:22:20.8 +2:06:01.3+64.19%60.90%-8.90%-7.36%
100 298 Sharon SmithLa Mesa CA  57 F5559
2:37:18.8 (111)
5:27:49.6 +2:11:30.1+66.98%59.89%-10.75%-9.19%
101 226 Ted NealHealdsburg CA  47 M4549
2:28:12.4 (96)
5:28:27.4 +2:12:07.9+67.30%59.77%-10.97%-9.40%
102 107 Michael FloeckLos Angeles CA  64 M6064
2:24:21.9 (86)
5:28:27.8 +2:12:08.3+67.31%59.77%-10.97%-9.40%
103 225 Kim NealHealdsburg CA  44 F4044
2:28:12.4 (96)
5:28:38.9 +2:12:19.4+67.40%59.74%-11.03%-9.46%
104 97 Chris ElvineMonrovia CA  44 F4044
2:26:34.1 (92)
5:30:16.0 +2:13:56.5+68.22%59.44%-11.58%-10.00%
105 286 Bethany SchrammMission Viejo CA  41 F4044
2:32:09.5 (103)
5:30:21.8 +2:14:02.3+68.27%59.43%-11.61%-10.03%
106 169 Dave LampertNovato CA  56 M5559
2:36:10.3 (110)
5:30:52.9 +2:14:33.4+68.54%59.33%-11.79%-10.20%
107 154 Bobbi Lynn JonesMill Valley CA  41 F4044
5:30:54.2 (132)
5:30:55.8 +2:14:36.3+68.56%59.33%-11.80%-10.22%
108 158 Laura KaminskiSan Francisco CA  41 F4044
5:32:51.5 (133)
5:32:52.1 +2:16:32.6+69.55%58.98%-12.46%-10.87%
109 277 Joshua RoseOakland CA  28 M2529
5:33:15.1 (134)
5:33:16.2 +2:16:56.7+69.75%58.91%-12.59%-11.00%
110 330 Jamie WalkerSan Francisco CA  31 F3034
5:33:38.2 (135)
5:33:39.2 +2:17:19.7+69.95%58.84%-12.72%-11.13%
111 245 Gearoid O'flynnSan Francisco CA  46 M4549
5:33:51.6 (136)
5:33:52.5 +2:17:33.0+70.06%58.80%-12.80%-11.20%
112 178 Brian LeachHuntington Beach CA  44 M4044
2:42:48.7 (116)
5:34:07.9 +2:17:48.4+70.19%58.76%-12.88%-11.29%
113 207 David MiehmBurlington ON Canada  53 M5054
2:25:14.3 (90)
5:34:49.1 +2:18:29.6+70.54%58.64%-13.12%-11.52%
113 285 Brian SchmidtOakville ON Canada  51 M5054
2:25:12.8 (89)
5:34:49.1 +2:18:29.6+70.54%58.64%-13.12%-11.52%
113 341 Thomas WhiteBurlington ON Canada  42 M4044
2:25:18.5 (91)
5:34:49.1 +2:18:29.6+70.54%58.64%-13.12%-11.52%
116 266 Gabriela PoapstSan Jose CA  43 F4044
2:35:03.7 (108)
5:36:16.8 +2:19:57.3+71.29%58.38%-13.61%-12.00%
117 27 Bret BihlerMammoth Lakes CA  64 M6064
5:40:49.2 (137)
5:40:50.1 +2:24:30.6+73.61%57.60%-15.15%-13.52%
118 1 Mark AbramsCalabasas CA  63 M6064
2:43:18.9 (118)
5:41:39.8 +2:25:20.3+74.03%57.46%-15.43%-13.79%
119 70 Eric CopeAngels Camp CA  61 M6064
2:33:22.5 (106)
5:42:10.6 +2:25:51.1+74.29%57.38%-15.60%-13.97%
120 307 Andrea TelmoAlbuquerque NM  39 F3539
2:45:43.9 (121)
5:44:50.5 +2:28:31.0+75.65%56.93%-16.50%-14.85%
121 328 Brian WGlendora CA  28 M2529
2:07:32.3 (50)
5:46:50.4 +2:30:30.9+76.67%56.60%-17.18%-15.52%
122 256 Gabriela PechPorterdale GA  33 F3034
2:30:34.4 (100)
5:47:20.6 +2:31:01.1+76.92%56.52%-17.35%-15.69%
123 276 Ruth RodriguezSan Dimas CA  28 F2529
2:24:21.9 (86)
5:47:33.1 +2:31:13.6+77.03%56.49%-17.42%-15.76%
124 329 DAVE WAHLSTROMKenwood CA  66 M6569
2:39:19.3 (114)
5:48:05.8 +2:31:46.3+77.31%56.40%-17.60%-15.94%
125 248 Eric OlsonLuck WI  38 M3539
2:45:30.8 (120)
5:49:24.8 +2:33:05.3+77.98%56.19%-18.05%-16.38%
126 40 Bill BrownVineyard Haven MA  60 M6064
2:45:13.7 (119)
5:50:46.9 +2:34:27.4+78.67%55.97%-18.51%-16.83%
127 172 Joe LarsenSouth Jordan UT  63 M6064
2:49:21.9 (124)
5:51:12.3 +2:34:52.8+78.89%55.90%-18.65%-16.97%
128 240 Kim O'callaghanVineyard Haven MA  49 F4549
2:51:23.0 (125)
5:52:29.9 +2:36:10.4+79.55%55.70%-19.09%-17.40%
129 142 Franklin HooverFlagstaff AZ  45 M4549
2:38:13.0 (112)
5:53:13.8 +2:36:54.3+79.92%55.58%-19.34%-17.65%
130 112 John FriesLake Elizabeth CA  57 M5559
5:53:52.1 (138)
5:53:53.4 +2:37:33.9+80.26%55.48%-19.56%-17.87%
131 284 Summer SchiavoCupertino CA  37 F3539
2:39:44.9 (115)
5:54:03.7 +2:37:44.2+80.34%55.45%-19.62%-17.92%
132 45 Jack BurgessLondon UK  29 M2529
2:21:33.8 (82)
5:56:37.8 +2:40:18.3+81.65%55.05%-20.49%-18.78%
133 43 Lan BuiWestminster CA  38 F3539
2:42:51.1 (117)
5:56:45.6 +2:40:26.1+81.72%55.03%-20.53%-18.82%
134 151 Cathie JohnsonRed Boiling Springs TN  60 F6064
2:52:43.5 (126)
5:57:11.7 +2:40:52.2+81.94%54.96%-20.68%-18.97%
134 152 Troy JohnsonRed Boiling Springs TN  66 M6569
2:52:43.5 (126)
5:57:11.7 +2:40:52.2+81.94%54.96%-20.68%-18.97%
136 231 Heidi NewellSausalito CA  39 F3539
2:47:02.1 (122)
6:05:47.2 +2:49:27.7+86.32%53.67%-23.58%-21.83%
137 103 Heather FiguersLivermore CA  25 F2529
2:47:41.1 (123)
6:06:27.2 +2:50:07.7+86.66%53.57%-23.80%-22.05%
137 254 Daniel ParkerGrass Valley CA  25 M2529
2:35:47.5 (109)
6:06:27.2 +2:50:07.7+86.66%53.57%-23.80%-22.05%
139 119 Anna GilayDeath Valley CA  27 F2529
2:38:41.1 (113)
6:07:25.3 +2:51:05.8+87.15%53.43%-24.13%-22.37%
- 5 Veronica AlavaradoChula Vista CA  40 F4044
4:36:23.8 (129)
DNF -----
- 3 Kast AdamGlendale CA  53 M5054
-
DNF -----
- 65 Malik CoatesSan Francisco CA  41 M4044
-
DNF -----